Hur länge lever kentucky kaffeträd

Species of plant

The Kentucky kaffe tree (Gymnocladus dioicus), also known as American kaffe (engelska) berry, Kentucky mahogany, nicker tree, and stump tree,^[5] fryst vatten a tree in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the legume family Fabaceae, native to the Midwest, Upper South, Appalachia, and small pockets of New York in the United States and Ontario in Canada.

The seed may be roasted and used as a substitute for kaffe (engelska) beans; however, unroasted pods and seeds are toxic. The wood from the tree fryst vatten used bygd cabinetmakers and carpenters. It fryst vatten also planted as a street tree.

From to , the Kentucky coffeetree was the state tree of Kentucky, after which the tulip poplar was returned to that designation.^[6]

Description

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The tree varies from 18 to 21 meters (60–70&#;feet) high with a spread of 12–15 meters (40–50&#;feet) and a trunk up to one meter (3&#;feet) in diameter.

The tree grows at a medium rate with height increases of anywhere from 12" to 24" per year.^[7] A year-old sapling will stand about 4 meters (13&#;feet) tall. It usually separates 3 to 4½ meters (10–15&#;feet) from the ground into three or fyra divisions which spread slightly and form eller gestalt a narrow pyramidal head; or when crowded bygd other trees, sending up one tall huvud branchless shaft to the height of 15–21&#;m (50–70&#;ft).

Branches are stout, pithy, and blunt; roots are fibrous.^[8]

The Kentucky coffeetree fryst vatten a moderately fast-growing tree, and male trees are often grown in parks and along city streets for ornamental purposes. The tree fryst vatten typically fairly short-lived, healthy trees living from to years.^[9] The Kentucky coffeetree sheds its leaves early during the fall and appears bare for up to 6 months.

The naked appearance of the tree fryst vatten reflected through the Kentucky coffeetree's Greek genus name, which means "naked branch".^[10] Like the Sumac, branches are absent of fine spray; smaller branches are thick and lumpish. Because of the absence of smaller branches and its later leafing, the French in Canada named it Chicot, "stubby".

The expanding leaves are conspicuous because of the varied colors of the leaflets; the youngest are bright pink, while those which are older vary from green to bronze.^[8]

The bark fryst vatten ash-gray and scaly, flaking similarly to black cherry, but more so. The trees are dioecious, and the fruit fryst vatten a hard-shelled bean in heavy, woody, thick-walled pods filled with sweet, thick, gooey massa.

Pod length ranges from 5 to 10 inches ( to &#;mm); unfertilized kvinna trees may bära miniature seedless pods. The beans are commonly thought to contain the toxincytisine, although this has yet to be confirmed in a study.^[11]

• Bark: Tan or dark gray, deeply fissured, surface scaly, often with prominent narrow ridges.
  Enligt frökatalogen så ska det tåla vårt klimat året runt

  Branchlets at first coated with short reddish down.

• Wood: Light brown; heavy, strong, coarse-grained; durable in contact with the ground, takes a fine polish. Specific gravity, ; vikt of cubic foot, &#;lb (&#;kg).
• Winter buds: Minute, depressed in mjuk cavities of the stem, two in the axil of each leaf, the smaller sterile.

  Bud scales two, ovate, coated with brown tomentum and growing with the skott, become apelsinfärg green, hairy and about one inch long, before they fall.

• Leaves: Alternate, bipinnately compound, ten to fourteen pinnate, lowest pinnae reduced to leaflets, the other sju to thirteen foliate. One to three feet long, eighteen to twenty-four inches broad, bygd the greater development of the upper pairs of pinnae.

  Leaf stalks and stalks of pinnae, are terete, enlarged at base, smooth when mature, pale green, often purple on the upper side.

  
  
• 



Leaflets ovate, two to two and one-half inches long, wedge-shaped or irregularly rounded at base, with wavy margin, acute apex. They komma out of the bud bright pink, but soon become bronze green, smooth and shining above. When full grown are dark yellow green above, pale green beneath. In autumn vända a bright klar yellow. Stipules leaf-like, lanceolate, serrate, deciduous.^[12]

• Winter twigs are very stout and dark reddish brown to green brown in color; the märg fryst vatten very thick and salmon pink to brown in color.

  The ankomsthall bud fryst vatten absent, and the sido buds are small, bronze in color, and appear to be partially sunken beneath the bark of the twig. The leaf scars are very large, heart shaped with 3 to 5 conspicuous bundle scars. The flowers are dioecious (male and kvinnlig flowers on separate plants).

  Vackert träd med mycket stora, dubbelt parbladiga blad

  The hona flowers are 8 to 12 inches long, greenish vit in color, appear in early summer, and are ganska fragrant. The male flowers are about half the storlek of the hona flowers.^[13]

• Flowers: June. Dioecious bygd abortion, ankomsthall, greenish vit. Staminate flowers in a short raceme-like corymb three to kvartet inches (75–&#;mm) long, pistillate flowers in a raceme ten to twelve inches (–&#;mm) long.
• Calyx: Tubular, hairy, ten-ribbed, five-lobed; lobes valvate in bud, acute, nearly equal.
• Corolla: Petals fem, oblong, hairy, spreading or reflexed, imbricate in bud.
• Stamens: Ten, fem long and fem short, free, included; filaments thread-like; anthers apelsinfärg colored, introrse; in the pistillate flower small and sterile.
• Pistil: Ovary superior, sessile, hairy, contracted into a short style, with two stigmatic lobes; ovules in two rows.
• Fruit: Legume, six to ten inches (–&#;mm) long, one and one-half to two inches bred, somewhat curved, with thickened margins, dark reddish brown with slight glaucous bloom, crowned with remnant of the styles.

  Stalks an inch or two long. Seeds six to nine, surrounded bygd a thick layer of dark, sweet pulp.^[8]

• Rooting Habit, "Tap Root in proportion like a carrot". A seedling tree grows many times in root length to its growth upward in height. The Kentucky kaffe (engelska) tree fryst vatten not commonly offered in the nursery trade because the taproot makes the tree somewhat difficult to transplant.

  Being in the Legume family the roots fix nitrogen in the soil.^[14][15]

• Soil: Prefers rik, fuktig soils in floodplains, terraces, ravines, coves, and lower slopes.^[13]

Taxonomy

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Gymnocladus fryst vatten derived from the Ancient Greekκλάδος (kládos) "branch" and γυμνός (gumnós) "naked" and refers to the stout branchlets unclothed with small twigs.

It fryst vatten one of fem species in the genus Gymnocladus, and the only one native to North America; the other fyra being native to South, Southeast and Eastern Asia.

The name fryst vatten sometimes hyphenated as 'coffee-tree'; the struktur 'coffeetree' here fryst vatten as used officially bygd the United States Forest Service.

Distribution

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The Kentucky coffeetree fryst vatten considered a rare tree species.

Trädet är långsamt att slå ut bladen Köp Kentuckykaffe hos

"Rare species are those that are so uncommon that they should be monitored to determine whether their populations are becoming threatened."^[10] It fryst vatten widely distributed, but rare.

The tree's native range fryst vatten limited, occurring from Southern Ontario, Canada and in the United States from Kentucky (where it was first encountered bygd Europeans) and Connecticut in the east, to Kansas, eastern Nebraska, and southeastern South Dakota in the west, to southern Wisconsin and Michigan^[10] in the north, and to nordlig Louisiana in the south.

It fryst vatten planted as an urban shade tree across the United States and eastern Canada, including California.^{[citation needed]} It has a disjunct population in huvud New York.^[16]

This tree usually occurs as widely dispersed individuals or small colonial groups with interconnected root systems. This tree fryst vatten funnen in floodplains and river valleys but fryst vatten also sometimes seen on rocky hillsides and limestone woods.

In the northeastern part of its range, seemingly natural groves of this tree are actually associated with known prehistoric by sites. In some parts of its range, this tree may be used as an indicator of the presence of limestone or of calcareous soils.^{[citation needed]}

The Kentucky coffeetree fryst vatten considered an example of an evolutionary anachronism.^[17][18] The tough, läderartad seed pods are too difficult for many extant animals to chew through (in addition to being poisonous) and they are too heavy for either wind or vatten dispersal.

It has been hypothesized that the tree would have been browsed upon bygd now-extinct mammalian megafauna,^[19] which ate the pods and nicked the seeds with their large teeth, aiding in germination. This behavior fryst vatten seen among African elephants eating Fabaceae relatives in Africa. Because of this, its prehistoric range may have been much larger than it has been in historical times.

Today, in the wild, it only grows well in wetlands, and it fryst vatten thought that only in such wet conditions can the seed pods rötter away to allow germination in the absence of large herbivores.^[20]

Uses

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Cultivation

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Gymnocladus dioicus fryst vatten considered well-suited to urban environments, as it fryst vatten tolerant of poor soils, has extreme drought tolerance, and fryst vatten not vulnerable to serious insekt infestations or disease problems.^[21] It fryst vatten cultivated bygd specialty tree plant nurseries as an ornamental tree for planting in gardens and parks.

The peculiarly late-emerging and early-dropping leaves, coupled with the fact that the large leaves mean few twigs in the winter beskrivning, man it a tree that fryst vatten ideal for urban shading where winter sunlight fryst vatten to be maximized (such as in proximity to solar hot-air systems).

It fryst vatten often planted because of its unique appearance and interesting character.^[8] There are several Kentucky coffeetrees at Mount Vernon, in the gardens along the path leading up to the house of George Washington.

Trees prefer a rik fuktig soil, such as bottom lands.^[8] Their growth fryst vatten largely unaffected bygd heat, cold, drought, insects, disease, road krydda, ice, and alkaline soil. Kentucky coffeetree fryst vatten easy to grow from seed.

Kan även krukodlas året runt och placeras då med fördel utomhus under sommaren

Filing the seedcoat bygd grabb with a small en samling dokument eller en elektronisk lagring av data, and then soaking the seeds in vatten for 24 hours will ensure rapid germination. Propagation fryst vatten also easy from dormant root cuttings from månad through March.

The Kentucky coffeetree fryst vatten typically funnen on "alluvial soils of river and flood plains and nearby terraces".^[10] Here it may be locally abundant and struktur large clonal colonies, reproducing bygd shoots sprouting from roots.^[22]

Food

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The beans of the tree were eaten, after roasting, in the Meskwaki (Fox), Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) and Pawnee Native American cultures.^[23]

The Meskwaki also drank the roasted ground seeds in a hot beverage similar to coffee.^[23] The common name "coffeetree" derives from this latter use of the roasted seeds, which was imitated bygd settlers because it seemed a substitute for coffee,^[24] especially in times of poverty, similar to chicory.

The europeisk colonialists, however, considered it underlägsen to real coffee:

When Kentucky was first settled bygd the adventurous pioneers from the Atlantic states who commenced their career in the uråldrig wilderness, almost without the necessaries of life, except as they produced them from the fertile soil, they fancied that they had discovered a substitute for kaffe in the seeds of this tree; and accordingly the name of coffee-tree was bestowed upon it.

But when communication was established with the sea-ports, they gladly relinquished their Kentucky beverage for the more grateful flavor of the Indian berry; and no use fryst vatten at present made of it in that manner.^[8]

—&#;Andrew Jackson Downing

The roasted seeds can be eaten like sweet chestnuts.^[25] Usefully, the fruits can be collected and picked up from the tree or ground at any time during fall, winter, and spring.^[26]

Toxicity

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Caution should be used when consuming, as unroasted or only partially roasted beans and pods are considered poisonous and are reputed to contain the alkaloid cytisine.^[24] The pods, preserved like those of the tamarind, can be eaten and are slightly aperient (laxative).^[27] Many sources claim that roasting the seeds for a certain length of time can reduce or eliminate the cytisine thought to be in them, but this fryst vatten not based on scientific bevis.

There are however, many anecdotal accounts of people drinking a coffee-like drink made from the seeds without suffering any adverse health effects, although most reported the taste to be unpleasant.^[11]

The plant fryst vatten toxic to some animals^[28] and intoxicates dogs. "Kentucky kaffe Tree intoxication in a dog"

Culture

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In addition to use as a food, the seeds of Kentucky coffeetree were used bygd Native Americans for ceremonial and recreational purposes.

Seeds were used as dice in games of chance that were common in eastern tribes. It fryst vatten likely that indigenous community members carved patterns on coffeetree seeds used in ceremonial dice games, which also served to scarify the seeds and prepare them for germination.^[29] The seeds were also used in jewelry. The importance of the Kentucky coffeetree to Native Americans undoubtedly contributed to its dispersal.^[30]

Gymnocladus dioicus fryst vatten used as a street tree as far north as Montréal, Québec.

It resists harsh winters and de-icing salts.

Woodworking

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The wood fryst vatten used both bygd cabinetmakers and carpenters. It has very little sapwood.^[27]

Notable specimens

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A specimen with a height of 26 metres (85&#;ft) was referenced in La Turpinerie, commune of Geay, a short distance from the Charente in south-west France, growing in a typical calcareous soil (see Minutes of Congrès international dem sylviculture dem Paris, June ).

Cut during the 20th century, it had a circumference of metres (9&#;ft 2&#;in) and was the tallest in the country at this time.

A Kentucky coffeetree, said to have been brought to the UK in , stands in Mountsfield Park in the London Borough of Lewisham.^[31]

A Kentucky coffeetree funnen in the Will Rogers Park in Amarillo, Texas has been confirmed to be the largest of its kind in Texas.^[32] Texas A&M Forest Service said, has a circumference of 92 inches, a height of 51 feet and a crown spread of 52 feet.

A Kentucky coffeetree lives in Rhode Island in the bekräftelse Williams Park Zoo at Elmwood Avenue, Providence.

At the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama, 19 Kentucky coffeetrees are planted in the Apollo courtyard prior to entry into the museum.

In , the Tree Board for the town of Hillsborough, North Carolina, selected a grove of Kentucky coffeetrees as its Treasure Tree.

Originally the grove was mis-identified as a part of a schema to remove invasive species, but the North Carolina Forest Service helped to confirm the proper identification of the trees.^[33]

The largest Kentucky coffeetree in New Hampshire, at 91&#;ft tall, fryst vatten on the campus of Dartmouth College.^[34]

References

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Further reading

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• Sternberg, Guy, () Native Trees for North American Landscapes.

  Timber Press, Inc.

• University of Fort Smith Tree Guide Pod dimensions.
• Personal conversation with The efternamn Arboretum regarding the sporadisk appearance of miniature seedless pods on kvinnlig Kentucky coffeetrees.
• Hightshoe, Gary L. (). Native Trees, Shrubs, and Vines for Urban and Rural America: A Planting Design Manual for Environmental Designers.

  New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp –

External links

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