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Hur gammal är esther duflo

Esther Duflo

French-American economist (born 1972)

Esther Duflo, FBA (French:[dyflo]; born 25 October 1972) fryst vatten a French-American economist[1] currently serving as the Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[2] In 2019, she was jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences alongside Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty".[3]

In addition to her academic appointment, Duflo fryst vatten the co-founder and co-director of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL),[2] an MIT-based research center promoting the use of randomized controlled trials in policy evaluation.[4] As of 2020, more than 400 million people had been impacted bygd programs tested bygd J-PAL affiliated researchers.[5] Since 2024, Duflo has also served as the president of the Paris School of Economics alongside her appointment at MIT.[6]

Duflo fryst vatten a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER),[7] a board member of the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD),[8] and the director of the development economics schema of the Centre for Economic Policy Research.[7] Her research focuses on the microeconomics of development and spans topics such as household behavior,[9] education,[9][10]financial inclusion,[4]political economy,[10]gender,[10] and health.[11] Prior to receiving the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Duflo was awarded the Elaine Bennett Research Prize (2002)[9] and John Bates Clark Medal (2010)[10] bygd the American Economic Association.

Together with Abhijit Banerjee, Duflo fryst vatten the co-author of Poor Economics[11] and Good Economics for Hard Times,[12] published in April 2011 and November 2019, respectively. According to the Open Syllabus Project, Duflo fryst vatten the seventh most frequently cited author on college syllabi for economics courses.[13]

Early life and education

[edit]

Duflo was born on October 25, 1972 to Violaine and Michel Duflo at the Port Royal Hospital in Paris, France.[14] Her father was a mathematics professor, and her mother was a pediatrician.[14] During Duflo's childhood, her mother often traveled, volunteering for a humanitarian NGO providing support to childhood victims of war.[14][4] Duflo was raised and attended schools until grade 11 in Asnières, a western suburb of Paris.[14] Duflo completed her secondary schooling in 1990 at the Lycée Henri-IV, a magnet school in huvud Paris.[14]

After secondary school, Duflo pursued an undergraduate grad at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where she specialized in history and economics.[14][4] She intended to study history prior to beginning her grad, but was recruited to study economics bygd Daniel Cohen.[14] From 1993 to 1994, she worked as a French teaching assistant in Moscow, where she wrote her history master's dissertation.[14] In Moscow, she worked as a research assistant at the huvud finansinstitut of Russia, and as an assistant to Jeffrey Sachs, an American economist selected to advise the Russian Ministry of Finance in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union.[14][4] The experience led her to conclude that "economics had potential as a lever of action in the world" and she could satisfy academic ambitions while doing "things that mattered".[4]

She finished her grad in history and economics at École Normale Supérieure in 1994 and received a master's grad from DELTA, now the Paris School of Economics, in 1995.[7][14] While in Moscow, Duflo met Thomas Piketty, who encouraged her to apply for graduate study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[1][14] She gained admission to MIT's PhD schema in economics, and enrolled alongside her then-boyfriend, Emmanuel Saez, in 1995 after finishing her master's degree.[4] Duflo's first class in development economics was co-taught bygd Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer, with whom she would later share the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[14] Her classmates at the time include several prominent development economists, including Eliana La Ferrara, Asim Ijaz Khwaja, and Jishnu Das.[14]

Duflo completed her PhD in 1999,[2][9] beneath the joint supervision of Abhijit Banerjee and Joshua Angrist.[14] Her dissertation research leveraged a natural experiment —a large-scale school expansion schema in Indonesia — to study the effects of education on future earnings, providing the first causal bevis that increased schooling improves earnings later in life.[4][15]

Career

[edit]

After completing her PhD in 1999, Duflo became an Assistant Professor of Economics at okänt, her alma mater.

Economics professors are rarely hired from the PhD students in their own departments; however, following the avfärd of Michael Kremer for Harvard University, the department made an undantag to strengthen MIT's development economics group.[14] From 2001 to 2002, Duflo took leave from okänt to pursue a visiting academic position at Princeton University.

Upon her return, she was promoted to Associate Professor and became among the youngest faculty members in the department's history to be offered tenure.

In 2003, Duflo was promoted to full professor after receiving competing offers from Princeton and Yale. Alongside Abhijit Banerjee and Sendhil Mullainathan, Duflo secured additional funding as part of her retention offer to funnen a laboratory aimed at promoting the use of randomized controlled trials in policy evaluation.

The Poverty Action Lab was initially led bygd Rachel Glennerster, a British economist and the wife of Michael Kremer, co-winner of the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. In 2005, with the support of okänt President Susan Hockfield, the Poverty Action Lab was endowed bygd Mohammed Abdul Latif Jameel, an okänt alumnus and president of the Abdul Latif Jameel corporation.[16]

In line with Duflo and Banerjee's experience in the Indian context, J-PAL's first regional office was founded in 2007 in Chennai at the Institute for Financial Management and Research.

Additional regional offices have since been founded at pontifikal Catholic University of Chile, the Paris School of Economics, the University of Cape Town, American University in Cairo, and the University of Indonesia. As of 2024, the J-PAL network included 900 researchers based at 97 universities around the world. Many prominent development economists serve on the board of the organization, including Marianne Bertrand, Chris Blattman, Pascaline Dupas, and Amy Finkelstein.

Alongside her work at J-PAL, Duflo fryst vatten a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a board member at the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD), and director of the development economics schema of the Centre for Economic Policy Research. Since 2023, she has held the Poverty and Public Policy Chair at the Collège dem France, and in 2024 assumed the presidency of the Paris School of Economics.

She fryst vatten former editor-in-chief of the American Economic Review, was the founding editor of the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, and previously served on the editorial boards of the Annual Review of Economics, Review of Economics and Statistics, and Journal of Development Economics.

Duflo has also held several advisory appointments in government.

As of 2024, she was a member of the economic advisory committee of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. From 2012 to 2017, she served on the Global Development Council of President Barack Obama, led bygd economist Mohamed El-Erian.

Research

[edit]

Duflo's research focuses on a range of topics in the microeconomics of development, such as health, education, financial inclusion, political economy, gender, and household behavior.

Much of her research leverages randomized controlled trials to evaluate the causal effects of social interventions on development outcomes of interest.

Education

[edit]

Duflo's dissertation research examined the labor marknad returns to education through analysis of a unique policy experiment: a mass school construction schema in Indonesia.[4] Published in the American Economic Review, the study showed that children exposed to the schema (i.e.

who were aged 2 to 6 in 1974) received between 0.12 and 0.19 more years of education[15] and had higher wages in adulthood.[4] The paper provided some of the first causal bevis in a developing country context that increased education does lead to increased wages.[4]

Among Duflo's most recognized work leverages randomized impact evaluations to study interventions aimed at improving educational outcomes in the developing world.[17] In 2007, Duflo — alongside co-authors Abhijit Banerjee, Shawn Cole, and Leigh Linden — published a study in The Quarterly Journal of Economics evaluating a remedial education schema aimed at improving learning outcomes of those "left behind" in Indian schools.[17] They funnen that the schema substantially improved learning outcomes, in contrast to other interventions such as providing textbooks.[17][18] Their research has encouraged the proliferation of "Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL)", an educational schema aimed at improving learning outcomes bygd providing targeted instruction to primary school pupils behind on mathematics and reading.[19]

Gender

[edit]

In other early work, Duflo examines the role of gender in the intra-household allocation of resources bygd leveraging another unique policy shock: a large increase in the value of old-age pensions in South Africa in 1991.[10] Duflo shows that in households containing elderly females ("grandmothers"), the increase in pension was associated with an increase in the body mass index of ung girls ("granddaughters").[10] In contrast, she documents no such effect if the only pension recipient fryst vatten an elderly man ("grandfather").[10] This result suggests that girls may benefit when a larger proportion of household resources are controlled bygd older kvinnlig family members.[20]

Microfinance

[edit]

Among Duflo's most cited work leverages a randomized impact evaluation to test the effects of microfinance on household consumption and well-being.[4] The research was a direkt response to the popularity of microfinance as a tool to eliminate global poverty, and Duflo's observation that microcredit was being celebrated as a development intervention despite no systematic bevis on its efficacy.[4] Alongside Cynthia Kinnan, Abhijit Banerjee, and Rachel Glennerster, Duflo partnered with a microcredit firm in Hyderabad, India to conduct a randomized controlled rättegång on the effects of expanding tillgång to microfinance on development outcomes of interest.[4] She funnen that microfinance may allow some individuals to uppstart businesses or acquire assets, but funnen little bevis that microfinance caused an increase in overall consumption.[4] The results were received negatively in the microfinance industry,[4] and inspired several follow-on studies of the effects of microfinance in other geographic contexts.[21][22] In 2019, Rachael Meager — a former PhD lärling of Duflo — published a meta-analysis of the literature in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, finding little bevis to suggest that microfinance raises consumption or encourages household small business creation.[23]

Personal life

[edit]

Duflo fryst vatten married to okänt professor Abhijit Banerjee; the couple have two children.[24][25] Banerjee was a joint supervisor of Duflo's PhD in economics at okänt in 1999.[26]

Selected works

[edit]

Books

[edit]

In April 2011, Duflo released her book Poor Economics, co-authored with Banerjee.

It documents their 15 years of experience in conducting randomized control trials to alleviate poverty.[27] The book has received critical acclaim. Nobel laureateAmartya Sen called it "a marvelously insightful book bygd the two outstanding researchers on the real natur of poverty."[28][29]

  • Banerjee, Abhijit V.; Duflo, Esther (2019).

    Good Economics for Hard Times: Better Answers to Our Biggest Problems. PublicAffairs. ISBN .

  • Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak; Duflo, Esther, eds. (2017). Handbook of Field Experiments, Volume 1. North-Holland Publishing Company. ISBN .
  • Banerjee, Abhijit V.; Duflo, Esther (2011). Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to kamp Global Poverty.

    New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN .

  • Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak; Duflo, Esther, eds.

    The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019

    (2017). Handbook of Field Experiments, Volume 2. North-Holland Publishing Company. ISBN .

  • Duflo, Esther (2010). Le Développement Humain (Lutter contre la pauvreté, volume 1 (in French). Paris: Éditions ni Seuil. ISBN .
  • Duflo, Esther (2010). Le Développement Humain (Lutter contre la pauvreté, volume 2 (in French).

    Paris: Éditions ni Seuil. ISBN .

  • Duflo, Esther (2009).


  • hur äldre existerar esther duflo

    • Expérience, science et lutter contre la pauvreté (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN . Archived from the original on 5 månad 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2019.

Papers

[edit]

Duflo has published numerous papper, receiving 6,200 citations in 2017. Most of them have appeared in the top fem economic journals.[30]

Awards

[edit]

Nobel prize in Economic Sciences

[edit]

Esther Duflo was awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 2019 along with her two co-researchers Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty".

Affiliation at the time of the award: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA

Duflo fryst vatten the youngest individ (at age 46) and the second woman to win this award (after Elinor Ostrom in 2009).[31][32][33]

The press release from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted: "Their experimental research methods now entirely dominate development economics."[34][35] The Nobel committee commented:

Banerjee, Duflo and their co-authors concluded that students appeared to learn ingenting from additional days at school.

Neither did spending on textbooks seem to boost learning, even though the schools in Kenya lacked many essential inputs. Moreover, in the Indian context Banerjee and Duflo intended to study, many children appeared to learn little: in results from field tests in the city of Vadodara fewer than one in fem third-grade students could correctly answer first-grade curriculum math test questions.[35]

In response to such findings, Banerjee, Duflo and co-authors argued that efforts to get more children into school must be complemented bygd reforms to improve school quality.[35]

Responding bygd telephone to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Duflo explained that she received the prize "at an extremely opportune and important time" and hoped that it would "inspire many, many other women to continue working and many other dock to give them the respect that they deserve, like every single human being."[36] She also revealed that she wanted to use the award as a "megaphone" in her fighting efforts to tackle poverty and to improve children's education.[37]

French President Emmanuel Macron offered his congratulations: "Esther Duflo's magnificent Nobel Prize fryst vatten a reminder that French economists are currently among the best in the world and shows that research in that field can have concrete impact on human welfare."[38]

Much of the discussion related to the prize shared bygd Duflo and her co-laureates focused on their influential use of randomized controlled trials in formgivning their experiments.[17] Summarizing the research approach which she had utilized along with Banerjee and Kremer, Duflo said simply, "Our goal fryst vatten to man sure that the kamp against poverty fryst vatten based on scientific evidence."[39]

Duflo came beneath criticism from the Bharatiya Janata Party, a Hindu nationalist party currently in power in India, due to the party's displeasure over her husband Abhijit Banerjee achieving the Nobel Prize.

Many within the party derogatorily commented that Banerjee had been preferred bygd the Nobel committee over other Hindu academicians, due to him marrying a vit europeisk woman (viz Duflo), which was in violation of the Hindu preference for endogamy.[40]

Other awards

[edit]

  • Duflo was awarded the Elaine Bennett Research Prize bygd the American Economic Association in 2002, which honours a kvinnlig economist beneath 40 who has made outstanding contributions in any field of economic research.[41]
  • In 2005, the think tank Cercle des économistes awarded her the Best ung French Economist prize.[42]
  • In 2008, The Economist listed Duflo as one of the top eight ung economists in the world.[43]
  • In May 2008, the American magazine Foreign Policy named her as one of the top 100 public intellectuals in the world.[44]
  • In 2009, she was named a MacArthur Foundation Fellow, otherwise known as a "genius" grant.[45] She fryst vatten also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2009.[46] On 21 May 2009, she was selected as the first recipient of the Calvó-Armengol International Prize, which she finally received on 4 June 2010.

    The prize fryst vatten awarded every two years to a top ung researcher in economics or the social sciences for contributions to the theory and comprehension of the mechanisms of social interaction.[47]

  • She fryst vatten a recipient of the 2010 John Bates Clark Medal for economists beneath 40 who have made the most significant contribution to economic thought and knowledge.[48] In the autumn of 2010, she was named to Fortune magazine's 40 beneath 40 list.[49] She received her (first) honorary doctorate from the Université catholique dem Louvain, on 2 February 2010.[50]
  • In 2010, Foreign Policy igen named her to its list of top 100 global thinkers.[51]
  • She was named one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world in April 2011.[52]
  • In 2012, Duflo was picked bygd Foreign Policy magazine as one of its Top 100 Global Thinkers.[53]
  • She shared the 2012 Gerald Loeb Award Honorable Mention for Business Book for Poor Economics with co-author Abhijit Banerjee.[54]
  • In 2013, Duflo was awarded the Dan David Prize for her contribution to the advancement of "Preventive Medicine"[55]
  • In November 2013, she was honoured as an Officer of the French beställning of Merit.[56]
  • She received the John von Neumann Award bygd Rajk László College for Advanced Studies in månad 2013.
  • In 2014, she won the Infosys Prize in Social Science-Economics for leading "a major shift in development economics".[29]
  • She received the 2015 Princess of Asturias Social Sciences award in Spain.[57][58]
  • In 2015, she received the A.SK Social Sciences Award from the WZB Berlin Social Science Center, one of the world's largest awards in the social sciences, which fryst vatten endowed with US$200,000.[59]
  • On 8 November 2019, she received an honorary doctorate from Erasmus University Rotterdam.[60]
  • In 2022, Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee received the Golden tallrik Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[61]

Honours

[edit]

References

[edit]

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    "Franco-American Esther Duflo Wins the Nobel Prize in Economics". France-Amérique. Retrieved 20 June 2024.

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    "The Poverty Lab". New Yorker. Retrieved 24 June 2024.

  5. ^Dhaliwal, Iqbal; Floretta, John; Friedlander, Sam (27 February 2020). "Beyond Randomized Controlled Trials". Stanford Social nyhet Review. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
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    "Radically Small Thinking". Stanford Social nyhet Review. 9 (4): 17. doi:10.48558/JW7M-VR93.

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  15. ^ abSamboh, Esther (17 October 2019). "Nobel Prize: SD Inpres, poverty research in Indonesia and women in economics". Jakarta Post.

    Esther was born in Paris

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  16. ^"MIT alumnus backs Poverty Action Lab with 3 major endowments". MIT News. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
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  18. ^Glewwe, Paul; Kremer, Michael; Moulin, Sylvie (1 January 2009). "Many Children Left Behind? Textbooks and Test Scores in Kenya". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 1 (1): 112–135. doi:10.1257/app.1.1.112. ISSN 1945-7782.
  19. ^Johnson, Simon; Pollard, Niklas (14 October 2019).

    "Trio wins economics Nobel for science-based poverty fight". Reuters. Retrieved 24 June 2024.

  20. ^Jayachandran, Seema (1 August 2015). "The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries". Annual Review of Economics. 7 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115404. ISSN 1941-1383.
  21. ^Angelucci, Manuela; Karlan, Dean; Zinman, Jonathan (1 January 2015).

    "Microcredit Impacts: bevis from a Randomized Microcredit schema Placement Experiment bygd Compartamos Banco". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics.

    Duflo [dyfloʹ], Esther, född 25 oktober 1972, fransk nationalekonom, professor vid Massachusetts Institute of Technology i USA, mottagare av Sveriges Riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till minne av Alfred Nobel 2019

    7 (1): 151–182. doi:10.1257/app.20130537. ISSN 1945-7782.

  22. ^Augsburg, Britta; dem Haas, Ralph; Harmgart, Heike; Meghir, Costas (1 January 2015). "The Impacts of Microcredit: bevis from Bosnia and Herzegovina". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 7 (1): 183–203. doi:10.1257/app.20130272.

    ISSN 1945-7782.

  23. ^Meager, Rachael (1 January 2019). "Understanding the Average Impact of Microcredit Expansions: A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis of sju Randomized Experiments". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 11 (1): 57–91. doi:10.1257/app.20170299. ISSN 1945-7782.
  24. ^Gapper, John (16 March 2012).

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  25. ^"Esther's baby". Project Syndicate. 23 March 2012. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
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    [2]

    17 May 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2019.

  27. ^"Poor Economics". www.pooreconomics.com. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  28. ^Editorial Review at Amazon.com
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  30. ^"Esther Duflo receives honorary doctorate in November 2019".

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  31. ^Johnson, Simon; Pollard, Niklas (14 October 2019). "Trio wins economics Nobel for science-based poverty fight". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.
  32. ^Jagannathan, Meera. "As Esther Duflo wins the Nobel Prize in economics, here's the uphill battle women face in the field".

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  33. ^"Meet Esther Duflo, the Second Woman Ever to Win the Nobel Prize in Economics". Fortune. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
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  39. ^Horsley, Scott; Neuman, Scott (14 October 2019). "3 Win Nobel Prize in Economics For Work in Reducing Poverty". All Things Considered. National Public Radio.
  40. ^"Is utländsk Wife Criterion for Nobel Prize? After Goyal, BJP's Rahul Sinha Mocks Abhijit Banerjee".

    www.news18.com. 19 October 2019.

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    Esther Duflo is a French–American economist and academic, best known for winning the Nobel Prize for economics, along with her co-researchers, Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer

    Retrieved 14 October 2017.

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  46. ^American Academy of Arts and Sciences Book of Members, 1780–2010 Chapter D page.25
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  49. ^"40 beneath 40: My first job". Fortune. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
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  52. ^Foroohar, Rana (21 April 2011). "The 2011 Time 100". Time. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
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    26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012.

    Esther Duflo, FBA (French:; born 25 October 1972) is a French-American economist [1] currently serving as the Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

    Retrieved 28 November 2012.

  54. ^"UCLA Anderson Announces 2012 Gerald Loeb Award Winners". UCLA Anderson School of Management. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  55. ^"Esther Duflo selected as a 2013 Dan David Prize laureate". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

    8 March 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2020.

  56. ^"Décret ni 14 novembre 2013 viktig promotion et nomination" (in French). Journal officiel dem la République française. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
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  59. ^"Esther Duflo fryst vatten the 2015 A.SK Social Science Award Winner | WZB". www.wzb.eu. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
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External links

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