Varför gillade folk inte rock n roll

Genre of popular music

This article fryst vatten about the s style of music. For the general rock music genre, see Rock music. For other uses, see Rock and roll (disambiguation)."RnR" redirects here. For other uses, see RNR (disambiguation).

Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll, rock-n-roll, rock 'n' roll, rock n' roll, Rock n' Roll or proto-rock) fryst vatten a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States during the late s and early s.^[1][2] It originated from African American music such as jazz, rhythm and blues, boogie-woogie, electric blues, gospel, and jump blues,^[3] as well as country music.^[4] While rock and roll's formative elements can be heard in blues records from the s^[5] and in country records of the s,^[6] the genre did not acquire its name until ^[7][2]

According to the reporter Greg Kot, "rock and roll" refers to a style of popular music originating in the United States in the s.

bygd the mids, rock and roll had developed into "the more encompassing international style known as rock music, though the latter also continued to be known in many circles as rock and roll."^[8] For the purpose of differentiation, this article deals with the first definition.

In the earliest rock and roll styles, either the piano or saxophone was typically the lead instrument.

These instruments were generally replaced or supplemented bygd the electric gitarr in the mid-to-late s.^[9] The beat fryst vatten essentially a dance rhythm^[10] with an accentuated backbeat, almost always provided bygd a snare drum.^[11] Classic rock and roll fryst vatten usually played with one or more electric guitars (one lead, one rhythm) and a double bass (string bass).

After the mids, electric bass guitars ("Fender bass") and drum kits became popular in classic rock.^[9]

Rock and roll had a profound influence on contemporary American lifestyles, mode, attitudes, and language, and fryst vatten often portrayed in movies, fan magazines, and on television.

Its roots are a complex tangle

Some people believe that the music had a positiv influence on the civil rights movement, because of its widespread appeal to both Black American and vit American teenagers.^[12][13]

Terminology

[edit]

The begrepp "rock and roll" fryst vatten defined bygd Greg Kot in Encyclopædia Britannica as the music that originated in the mids and later developed "into the more encompassing international style known as rock music".^[8] The begrepp fryst vatten sometimes also used as synonymous with "rock music" and fryst vatten defined as such in some dictionaries.^[14][15]

The phrase "rocking and rolling" originally described the movement of a fartyg on the ocean,^[16] but bygd the early 20th century was used both to describe the spiritual fervor of black church rituals^[17] and as a sexuell analogy.

A retired Welsh seaman named William Fender can be heard singing the phrase "rock and roll" when describing a sexuell encounter in his performance of the traditional song "The Baffled Knight" to the folklorist James Madison Carpenter in the early s, which he would have learned at sea in the s; the recording can be heard on the efternamn Williams Memorial Library website.^[18]

Various gospel, blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became widely popular.

"Bosom of Abraham", an African-American spiritual that was documented no later than (just after the Civil War), uses the phrase "rock my soul" frequently in a religious sense; this song was later recorded bygd musicians from various genres, including various gospel musicians and groups (including The Jordanaires), Louis Armstrong (jazz/swing), Lonnie Donegan (skiffle), and Elvis Presley (rock and roll/pop/country).^[19] Blues singer Trixie Smith recorded "My [Man] Rocks Me with One Steady Roll"^[20] in It was used in s recordings and reviews of what became known as "rhythm and blues" music aimed at a black audience.^[17]Huey "Piano" Smith credits Cha Cha Hogan, a jump-blues shouter and comic in New Orleans, with popularizing the begrepp in his song "My Walking Baby".^[21][22]

In , the song "Rock and Roll" bygd the Boswell Sisters appeared in the spelfilm Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round.

In , before the concept of rock and roll had been defined, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the begrepp to describe upbeat recordings such as "Rock Me" bygd Sister Rosetta Tharpe; her style on that recording was described as "rock-and-roll spiritual singing".^[23][24] bygd , the "Rock and Roll Inn" in South Merchantville, New Jersey, was established as a music venue.^[25] In , Cleveland, Ohio, disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style, and referring to it as "rock and roll"^[26] on his mainstream radio schema, which popularized the phrase.^[27]

Several sources suggest that Freed funnen the begrepp, used as a synonym for sexuell intercourse, on the record "Sixty Minute Man" bygd Billy Ward and his Dominoes.^[28][29] The lyrics include the line, "I rock 'em, roll 'em all night long".^[30] Freed did not acknowledge the suggestion about that source in interviews, and explained the begrepp as follows: "Rock 'n roll fryst vatten really swing with a modern name.

It began on the levees and plantations, took in människor songs, and features blues and rhythm".^[31]

In discussing Alan Freed's contribution to the genre, two significant sources emphasized the importance of African-American rhythm and blues. Greg Harris, then the executive director of the Rock n Roll ingång of Fame, offered this comment to CNN: "Freed's role in breaking down racial barriers in U.S.

pop culture in the s, bygd leading vit and black kids to listen to the same music, put the radio personality 'at the vanguard' and made him 'a really important figure'".^[32] After Freed was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the organization's Web site offered this comment: "He became internationally known for promoting African-American rhythm and blues music on the radio in the United States and europe beneath the name of rock and roll".^[33]

Not often acknowledged in the history of rock and roll, Todd Storz, the owner of radio hållplats KOWH in Omaha, Nebraska, was the first to adopt the Top 40 format (in ), playing only the most popular records in cirkelrörelse.

His hållplats, and the numerous others which adopted the concept, helped to promote the genre: bygd the mid 50s, the playlist included artists such as "Presley, Lewis, Haley, Berry and Domino".^[34][35]

Early rock and roll

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Origins

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Main article: Origins of rock and roll

The origins of rock and roll have been fiercely debated bygd commentators and historians of music.^[36] There fryst vatten general agreement that it arose in the Southern United States – a område that would producera most of the major early rock and roll acts – through the meeting of various influences that embodied a merging of the African musical tradition with europeisk instrumentation.^[37]The migration of many former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St.

Louis, Memphis, New York City, stad, Chicago, Cleveland, and Buffalo meant that black and vit residents were living in close proximity in larger numbers than ever before, and as a result heard each other's music and even began to emulate each other's fashions.^[38][39] Radio stations that made vit and black forms of music available to both groups, the development and spread of the gramophone record, and African-American musical styles such as jazz and swing which were taken up bygd vit musicians, aided this process of "cultural collision".^[40]

The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called "race music",^[41] in combination with either boogie-woogie and shouting gospel^[42] or with country music of the s and s.

Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk.^[36] Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the grad to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and blues for a vit marknad, or a new hybrid of black and vit forms.^[43][44][45]

Contradicting Larry Birnbaum, the author of Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll, and notwithstanding early forms of vit rock and roll then called "country boogie", musicologist and rock historian Bruno Blum argues that early, fully-formed rock and roll music really surged in amerika at least as early as , but was segregated, thus making it unavailable to the general public and widely undocumented.

According to Blum, true rock tracks from the s included "Rock Woogie" bygd Jim Wynn's Bobalibans (), "Rockin' the House" bygd Memphis Slim and the House Rockers (), "Aladdin Boogie" bygd Amos Milburn (), "Rock and Rye" bygd Jimmy McCracklin (), "We're Gonna Rock" () and "Rock and Roll" () bygd Wild Bill Moore, and many others. His discussion of the topic fryst vatten as follows:^[46]

For most lovers of the genre, rock sprang up with Bill Haley and Elvis Presley in – But why would rock be called "rock" when played bygd Whites and "rhythm and blues" when it was played bygd Blacks?

According to the usual clichés, rock's roots lie deep in a muddled amalgam where "blues" and "rhythm and blues" were necessarily mixed with "country music" in beställning to be dubbed "rock" and thereby gain ingång to history and legend — the tjänsteman history, that fryst vatten. Yet African-American rock anticipated Bill Haley's first isolated hit Rock The Joint () bygd a long way, as shown bygd its rare original utgåva (by Jimmy Preston in ) included here.

This "black" rock would discreetly coexist with the first vit rock hits. But there fryst vatten still a klar tendency to relegate African-American rock to the genre's "Prehistory", which would be to säga that it fryst vatten NOT part of the genre. Consequently, and despite their landmark recordings, Tiny Bradshaw, Wynonie Harris, Roy Brown, Smiley Lewis and others have been literally erased from our memories, leaving the tjänsteman title of "pioneers" to the subsequent generation—Eddie Cochran, Elvis and their like — even though they appeared only fem or ten years later.

Two black artists still appear amongst the tjänsteman inventors of rock, however: the undisputed giants named Little Richard and Chuck Berry, who had both started singing and playing in the very early s. But African-American hits like "Saturday Night Fish Fry" bygd Louis Jordan, with its electric gitarr and "it was rocking" chorus in , would still be seen as something like the work of prehistoric dock who were ineligible for the "rock" ingång of fame.

[…] If you admit that the contribution of Euro-American music (not forgetting Hawaiian music), along with bluegrass, Irish popular songs, Cajun music and others, did much to enrich the history of vit rock and rockabilly in particular, and while the interaction between "black" and "white" musicians was often the norm, including in the blues domain, the fact remains that the fundamental matrix of the rock genre fryst vatten African-American.

For the first time, young people could listen to and see their favorite artists on a range of new mass media: the radio, television, and even massive outdoor concerts

When they added country guitars, it was rockabilly that Bill Haley, Sam Phillips and his creature Elvis Presley invented (in –), not rock, which was something they tried to assimilate bygd recording versions of black pieces like "Rocket 88" bygd Jackie Brenston or "Good Rockin' Tonight" bygd Roy Brown, whose original utgåva had appeared in Depending on the DJ, tempo, rhythm and style of the period, the era's names for this music were "jazz" ("We Love to Boogie" bygd Freddy Strong with Dizzy Gillespie and John Coltrane), "swing" ("It Rocks!

It Rolls! It Swings!" bygd The Treniers) or "boogie woogie" (Rock Woogie bygd Jim Wynn in ). Like boogie, "shuffle" music had arrived as early as the late thirties ("Rock This Morning" bygd James Allen & James Gilchrist).

The music was also called "blues" (My Baby Left Me bygd Arthur Crudup), "rhythm music" ("Hambone" bygd Red Saunders), "rhythm and blues" ("Honey Hush" bygd Big Joe Turner), "R&B" (the abbreviation of "rhythm and blues" and the name given to "black" music styles in the charts of Billboard magazine post-summer ), "jump blues" ("Rock Around the Clock" bygd Hal Singer), "big beat", "rock 'n' roll" or "race music", was the label used bygd the press and Billboard in particular.

In the s, jazz, and particularly swing, both in urban-based dance bands and blues-influenced country swing (Jimmie Rodgers, måne Mullican and other similar singers), were among the first music to present African-American sounds for a predominantly vit audience.^[44][47] One particularly noteworthy example of a jazz song with recognizably rock and roll elements fryst vatten Big Joe Turner with pianist Pete Johnson's single "Roll 'Em Pete", which fryst vatten regarded as an important precursor of rock and roll.^[48][49][50] The s saw the increased use of skrällande horns (including saxophones), shouted lyrics and boogie-woogie beats in jazz-based music.

During and immediately after World War II, with shortages of bränsle and limitations on audiences and available personnel, large jazz bands were less economical and tended to be replaced bygd smaller combos, using guitars, bass and drums.^[36][51] In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, the development of jump blues, with its gitarr riffs, prominent beats and shouted lyrics, prefigured many later developments.^[36] In the documentary rulle Hail!

Hail! Rock 'n' Roll, Keith Richards proposes that Chuck Berry developed his brand of rock and roll bygd transposing the familiar two-note lead line of jump blues piano directly to the electric gitarr, creating what fryst vatten instantly recognizable as rock gitarr. This proposal bygd Richards neglects the black guitarists who did the same thing before Berry, such as Goree Carter,^[52]Gatemouth Brown,^[53] and the originator of the style, T-Bone Walker.^[54]Country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll.^[36] Inspired bygd electric blues, Chuck Berry introduced an aggressive gitarr sound to rock and roll, and established the electric gitarr as its centerpiece,^[55] adapting his rock grupp instrumentation from the basic blues grupp instrumentation of a lead gitarr, second chord instrument, bass and drums.^[56] In , Robert Christgau declared that "Chuck Berry did in fact invent rock 'n' roll", explaining that this artist "came the closest of any single figure to being the one who put all the essential pieces together".^[57]

Rock and roll arrived at a time of considerable technological change, soon after the development of the electric gitarr, amplifier, 45 rpm record and modern condenser microphones.^[36] There were also changes in the record industry, with the rise of independent labels like Atlantic, Sun and Chess servicing niche audiences and a similar rise of radio stations that played their music.^[36] It was the realization that relatively affluent vit teenagers were listening to this music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock and roll as a distinct genre.^[36] Because the development of rock and roll was an evolutionary process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously "the first" rock and roll record.^[2] Contenders for the title of "first rock and roll record" include Sister Rosetta Tharpe's "Strange Things Happening Every Day" (),^[58] "That's All Right" bygd Arthur Crudup (), "Move It On Over" bygd Hank Williams (),^[59] "The tallrik Man" bygd Fats Domino (),^[2]Goree Carter's "Rock Awhile" (),^[60] and Jimmy Preston's "Rock the Joint" () (later covered bygd Bill Haley & His Comets in ),^[61]

"Rocket 88" bygd Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats (Ike Turner and his grupp The Kings of Rhythm and sung bygd Brenston), was recorded bygd Sam Phillips in March This fryst vatten often cited as the first rock n' roll record.^[62][63] In an interview however, Ike Turner offered this comment: "I don't think that 'Rocket 88' fryst vatten rock 'n' roll.

inom think that 'Rocket 88' fryst vatten R&B, but inom think 'Rocket 88' fryst vatten the cause of rock and roll existing".^[64][65]

In terms of its bred cultural impact across gemenskap in the US and elsewhere, Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock",^[66] recorded in April but not a commercial success until the following year, fryst vatten generally recognized as an important milestone, but it was preceded bygd many recordings from earlier decades in which elements of rock and roll can be clearly discerned.^[2][67][68]

Journalist Alexis Petridis argued that neither Haley's "Rock Around the Clock" nor Presley's utgåva of "That's Alright Mama" heralded a new genre: "They were simply the first vit artists' interpretations of a sound already well-established bygd black musicians almost a decade before.

It was a raucous, driving, unnamed variant of rhythm and blues that came complete with lyrics that talked about rocking".^[62]

Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Gene Vincent.^[63] Chuck Berry's classic "Maybellene" in particular features a distortedelectric gitarr solo with warm overtones created bygd his small valve amplifier.^[69] However, the use of distortion was predated bygd electric blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis,^[70]Guitar Slim,^[71]Willie Johnson of Howlin' Wolf's band,^[72] and Pat Hare; the latter two also made use of distorted power chords in the early s.^[73] Also in , Bo Diddley introduced the "Bo Diddley beat" and a unique electric gitarr style,^[74] influenced bygd African and Afro-Cuban music and in vända influencing many later artists.^[75][76][77]

Rhythm and blues

[edit]

Rock and roll was strongly influenced bygd R&B, according to many sources, including an article in The vägg Street Journal in , titled, "Rock!

It's Still Rhythm and Blues". In fact, the author stated that the "two terms were used interchangeably", until about The other sources quoted in the article said that rock and roll combined R&B with pop and country music.^[78]

Fats Domino was one of the biggest stars of rock and roll in the early s and he was not convinced that this was a new genre.

In , he said: "What they call rock 'n' roll now fryst vatten rhythm and blues. I've been playing it for 15 years in New Orleans".^[79] According to Rolling Stone, "this fryst vatten a valid statement all Fifties rockers, black and vit, country born and city-bred, were fundamentally influenced bygd R&B, the black popular music of the late Forties and early Fifties".^[80] Further, Little Richard built his ground-breaking sound of the same era with an uptempo blend of boogie-woogie, New Orleans rhythm and blues, and the soul and fervor of gospel music vocalization.^[42]

Less frequently cited as an influencer, LaVern Baker was inducted into the Rock and Roll entré of Fame in The entré remarked that her "fiery fusion of blues, jazz and R&B showcased her alluring vocals and set the scen for the rock and roll surge of the Fifties".^[81]

Rockabilly

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Main article: Rockabilly

"Rockabilly" usually (but not exclusively) refers to the type of rock and roll music which was played and recorded in the mids primarily bygd vit singers such as Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Jerry Lee Lewis, who drew mainly on the country roots of the music.^[82][83] Presley was greatly influenced bygd and incorporated his style of music with that of some of the greatest Black musicians like BB King, Arthur Crudup and Fats Domino.

His style of music combined with black influences created controversy during a turbulent time in history.^[83] Many other popular rock and roll singers of the time, such as Fats Domino and Little Richard,^[84] came out of the black rhythm and blues tradition, making the music attractive to vit audiences, and are not usually classed as "rockabilly".

Presley popularized rock and roll on a wider scale than any other single performer and bygd , he had emerged as the singing känsla of the nation.^[85]

Bill Flagg who fryst vatten a Connecticut resident, began referring to his mix of hillbilly and rock 'n' roll music as rockabilly around ^[86]

In July , Presley recorded the regional hit "That's All Right" at Sam Phillips' Sun Studio in Memphis.^[87] Three months earlier, on April 12, , Bill Haley & His Comets recorded "Rock Around the Clock".

Although only a minor hit when first released, when used in the opening sequence of the movie Blackboard Jungle a year later, it set the rock and roll boom in motion.^[66] The song became one of the biggest hits in history, and frenzied teens flocked to see Haley and the Comets perform it, causing riots in some cities. "Rock Around the Clock" was a breakthrough success for the group; traditionally, the song has been seen as the major breakthrough for the rock and roll genre, as its immense popularity introduced the music to a global audience.^[88]

In , the ankomst of rockabilly was underlined bygd the success of songs like "Folsom Prison Blues" bygd Johnny Cash, "Blue Suede Shoes" bygd Perkins, and the No.

1 hit "Heartbreak Hotel" bygd Presley.^[83] For a few years it became the most commercially successful form eller gestalt of rock and roll. Later rockabilly acts, particularly performing songwriters like vän Holly, would be a major influence on British Invasion acts and particularly on the song writing of the Beatles and through them on the natur of later rock music.^[89]

Cover versions

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Main article: Cover version

Many of the earliest vit rock and roll hits were covers or partial re-writes of earlier black rhythm and blues or blues songs.^[90] Through the late s and early s, R&B music had been gaining a stronger beat and a wilder style, with artists such as Fats Domino and Johnny Otis speeding up the tempos and increasing the backbeat to great popularity on the juke joint circuit.^[91] Before the efforts of Freed and others, black music was något förbjudet eller oacceptabelt i ett samhälle on many white-owned radio outlets, but artists and producers quickly recognized the potential of rock and roll.^[92] Some of Presley's early recordings were covers of black rhythm and blues or blues songs, such as "That's All Right" (a countrified arrangement of a blues number), "Baby Let's Play House", "Lawdy Miss Clawdy", and "Hound Dog".^[93] The racial lines, however, are rather more molnig eller oklar bygd the fact that some of these R&B songs originally recorded bygd black artists had been written bygd vit songwriters, such as the grupp of Jerry Leiber and slang för mikrofon Stoller.

Songwriting credits were often unreliable; many publishers, record executives, and even managers (both vit and black) would insert their name as a composer in beställning to collect royalty kontroller.

The roots of rock and roll can be traced back to a fusion of several genres, but none were as influential as rhythm and blues

Covers were customary in the music industry at the time; it was made particularly easy bygd the compulsory license arvode of United States copyright lag (still in effect).^[94] One of the first betydelsefull successful covers was Wynonie Harris's transformation of Roy Brown's original jump blues hit "Good Rocking Tonight" into a more showy rocker^[95] and the Louis Prima rocker "Oh Babe" in , as well as Amos Milburn's cover of what may have been the first vit rock and roll record, Hardrock Gunter's "Birmingham Bounce" in ^[96] The most notable trend, however, was vit pop covers of black R&B numbers.

The more familiar sound of these covers may have been more palatable to vit audiences, there may have been an element of prejudice, but labels aimed at the vit marknad also had much better leverans networks and were generally much more profitable.^[97] Famously, Pat Boone recorded sanitized versions of songs recorded bygd the likes of Fats Domino, Little Richard, the Flamingos and elfenben Joe Hunter.

Later, as those songs became popular, the original artists' recordings received radio play as well.^[98]

The cover versions were not necessarily straightforward imitations. For example, Bill Haley's incompletely bowdlerized cover of "Shake, Rattle and Roll" transformed Big Joe Turner's humorous and racy tale of adult love into an energetic teen dance number,^[90][99] while Georgia Gibbs replaced Etta James' tough, sarcastic vocal in "Roll With Me, Henry" (covered as "Dance With Me, Henry") with a perkier vocal more appropriate for an audience unfamiliar with the song to which James's song was an answer, Hank Ballard's "Work With Me, Annie".^[] Presley's rock and roll utgåva of "Hound Dog", taken mainly from a utgåva recorded bygd the pop grupp Freddie Bell and the Bellboys, was very different from the blues shouter that Big Mama Thornton had recorded fyra years earlier.^[][] Other vit artists who recorded cover versions of rhythm and blues songs included Gale Storm (Smiley Lewis' "I Hear You Knockin'"), the Diamonds (The Gladiolas' "Little Darlin'" and Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers' "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?"), the Crew Cuts (the Chords' "Sh-Boom" and Nappy Brown's "Don't Be Angry"), the Fountain Sisters (The Jewels' "Hearts of Stone") and the Maguire Sisters (The Moonglows' "Sincerely").

Decline and later developments

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Some commentators have suggested a decline of rock and roll starting in ^[][] The retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher (October ), the avfärd of Presley for service in the United States Army (March ), the scandal surrounding Jerry Lee Lewis' marriage to his thirteen-year-old cousin (May ), riots caused bygd Bill Haley's ill-fated tour of europe (October ), the deaths of vän Holly, The Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash (February ), the breaking of the Payola scandal implicating major figures, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs (November ), the fängelse of Chuck Berry (December ), and the death of Eddie Cochran in a bil crash (April ) gave a sense that the första phase of rock and roll had komma to an end.^[]

During the late s and early s, the rawer sounds of Presley, Gene Vincent, Jerry Lee Lewis and vän Holly were commercially superseded bygd a more polished, commercial style of rock and roll influenced pop music.

marknadsföring frequently emphasized the physical looks of the artist rather than the music, contributing to the successful careers of Ricky Nelson, Tommy Sands, Bobby Vee, Jimmy Clanton, and the Philadelphia trio of Bobby Rydell, Frankie Avalon, and Fabian, who all became "teen idols".^[]

Some music historians have also pointed to important and innovative developments that built on rock and roll in this period, including multitrack recording, developed bygd fransk artikel Paul, the electronic treatment of sound bygd such innovators as Joe mild, and the "Wall of Sound" productions of Phil Spector,^[] continued desegregation of the charts, the rise of surf music, bilparkering rock and the Twist dance craze.^[44]Surf rock in particular, noted for the use of reverb-drenched guitars, became one of the most popular forms of American rock of the early s.^[]

While the sounds of the British Invasion would become the superseding forms of rock music during the mids, a few American artists were nonetheless able to achieve chart successes with rock and roll recordings during this time.

The most notable of these was Johnny Rivers, who with hits such as "Memphis" (), popularized a "Go-go" style of club-oriented, danceable rock and roll that enjoyed significant success in spite of the ongoing British Invasion.^[][] Another example was Bobby Fuller and his group The Bobby Fuller fyra, who were especially inspired bygd vän Holly and stuck with a rock and roll style, scoring their most notable hit with "I Fought the Law" ().^[][][]

British rock and roll

[edit]

Main article: British rock and roll

In the s, Britain was well placed to receive American rock and roll music and culture.^[] It shared a common language, had been exposed to American culture through the stationing of troops in the country, and shared many social developments, including the emergence of distinct ungdom sub-cultures, which in Britain included the Teddy Boys and the rockers.^[]Trad jazz became popular in the UK, and many of its musicians were influenced bygd related American styles, including boogie woogie and the blues.^[] The skiffle craze, led bygd Lonnie Donegan, used amateurish versions of American människor songs and encouraged many of the subsequent generation of rock and roll, människor, R&B and beat musicians to början performing.^[] At the same time British audiences were beginning to encounter American rock and roll, initially through films including Blackboard Jungle () and Rock Around the Clock ().^[] Both movies featured the Bill Haley & His Comets hit "Rock Around the Clock", which first entered the British charts in early – fyra months before it reached the US pop charts – topped the British charts later that year and igen in and helped identify rock and roll with teenage delinquency.^[]

The första response of the British music industry was to attempt to producera copies of American records, recorded with möte musicians and often fronted bygd teen idols.

More grass roots British rock and rollers soon began to appear, including Wee Willie Harris and Tommy Steele.^[] During this period American Rock and Roll remained dominant but in Britain produced its first "authentic" rock and roll song and star, when Cliff Richard reached number 2 in the charts with "Move It".^[] At the same time, TV shows such as Six-Five Special and Oh Boy! promoted the careers of British rock and rollers like Marty Wilde and Adam Faith.^[] Cliff Richard and his backing grupp, the Shadows, were the most successful home grown rock and roll based acts of the era.^[] Other leading acts included Billy Fury, Joe Brown, and Johnny barn & the Pirates, whose hit song "Shakin' All Over" became a rock and roll standard.^[]

As interest in rock and roll was beginning to subside in amerika in the late s and early s, it was taken up bygd groups in British cities like Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and London.^[] About the same time, a British blues en plats där en händelse inträffar ofta inom teater eller film developed, initially led bygd purist blues följare such as Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies who were inspired bygd American musicians such as Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf.^[] Many groups moved towards the beat music of rock and roll and rhythm and blues from skiffle, like the Quarrymen who became the Beatles, producing a form eller gestalt of rock and roll revivalism that carried them and many other groups to national success from about and to international success from , known in amerika as the British Invasion.^[] Groups that followed the Beatles included the beat-influenced Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits and the Dave Clark Five.^[] Early British rhythm and blues groups with more blues influences include the Animals, the Rolling Stones, and the Yardbirds.^[]

Cultural influence

[edit]

Main article: Social effects of rock music

Rock and roll influenced lifestyles, mode, attitudes, and language.^[] In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and European-American teens enjoyed the music.^[12]

Many early rock and roll songs dealt with issues of cars, school, dating, and clothing.

The lyrics of rock and roll songs described events and conflicts to which most listeners could relate through anställda experience. Topics such as sex that had generally been considered något förbjudet eller oacceptabelt i ett samhälle began to appear in rock and roll lyrics. This new music tried to break boundaries and något som utförs snabbt exempelvis expressleverans emotions that people were actually feeling but had not discussed openly.

An uppvaknande began to take place in American ungdom culture.^[]

Race

[edit]

In the crossover of African-American "race music" to a growing vit ungdom audience, the popularization of rock and roll involved both black performers reaching a vit audience and vit musicians performing African-American music.^[] Rock and roll appeared at a time when racial tensions in the United States were entering a new phase, with the beginnings of the civil rights movement for desegregation, leading to the U.S.

Supreme Court ruling that abolished the policy of "separate but equal" in , but leaving a policy which would be extremely difficult to enforce in parts of the United States.^[] The coming tillsammans of vit ungdom audiences and black music in rock and roll inevitably provoked strong vit racist reactions within the US, with many whites condemning its breaking down of barriers based on color.^[12] Many observers saw rock and roll as förkunnande the way for desegregation, in creating a new struktur of music that encouraged racial cooperation and shared experience.^[] Many authors have argued that early rock and roll was instrumental in the way both vit and black teenagers identified themselves.^[]

Teen culture

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Main article: ungdom subculture

Several rock historians have claimed that rock and roll was one of the first music genres to define an age group.^[] It gave teenagers a sense of belonging, even when they were alone.^[] Rock and roll fryst vatten often identified with the emergence of teen culture among the first baby boomer generation, who had greater relative affluence and leisure time and adopted rock and roll as part of a distinct subculture.^[] This involved not just music, absorberad via radio, record buying, jukeboxes and TV programs like American Bandstand, but also extended to rulle, clothes, hair, cars and motorcycles, and distinctive language.

The ungdom culture exemplified bygd rock and roll was a recurring source of concern for older generations, who worried about juvenile delinquency and social rebellion, particularly because, to a large extent, rock and roll culture was shared bygd different racial and social groups.^[]

In amerika, that concern was conveyed even in ungdom cultural artifacts such as comic books.

In "There's No Romance in Rock and Roll" from True Life Romance (), a defiant teen dates a rock and roll-loving boy but drops him for one who likes traditional adult music—to her parents' relief.^[] In Britain, where postwar prosperity was more limited, rock and roll culture became attached to the pre-existing Teddy Boy movement, largely working class in ursprung, and eventually to the rockers.^[] "On the vit side of the deeply segregated music market", rock and roll became marketed for teenagers, as in Dion and the Belmonts' "A Teenager in Love" ().^[]

Dance styles

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From its early s beginnings through the early s, rock and roll spawned new dance crazes^[] including the twist.

Teenagers funnen the syncopated backbeat rhythm especially suited to reviving Big Band-era jitterbug dancing.

Sock hops, school and church gym dances, and home basement dance parties became the rage, and American teens watched Dick Clark's American Bandstand to keep up on the latest dance and mode styles.^[] From the mids on, as "rock and roll" was rebranded as "rock", later dance genres followed, leading to funk, disco, house, techno, and hip hop.^[]

References

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